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1. Amplitude Modulation Theory Pdf
2. Amplitude Modulation Systems Pdf
3. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Pdf

Amplitude modulation (AM) is a modulation technique used in electronic communication, most commonly for transmitting information via a radio carrier wave. In amplitude modulation, the amplitude (signal strength) of the carrier wave is varied in proportion to that. Chapter 5 Amplitude Modulation AM was the first widespread technique used in commercial radio broadcasting. An AM signal has the mathematical form s(t) = Ac1+kam(t)cosωct where. m(t) is the basebandmessage. c(t) = Ac cosωct is called the carrierwave. The carrier frequency, fc, should be larger than the highest spectral component.

• Basic Concept of Modulation The information source Typically a low frequency signal Referred to as the “baseband signal” Carrier A higher frequency sinusoid Example: cos(2π10000t) Modulated Signal Some parameter of the carrier (amplitude, frequency, phase) is varied in accordance with the baseband signal.
• 52 - A1 Amplitude modulation As an example of an AM signal derived from speech, Figure 5 shows a snap-shot of an AM signal, and separately the speech signal. There are no amplitude scales shown, but you should be able to deduce the depth.
• MC1496, MC1496B Balanced Modulators/ Demodulators These devices were designed for use where the output voltage is a product of an input voltage (signal) and a switching function (carrier). Typical applications include suppressed carrier and amplitude modulation, synchronous detection, FM detection, phase detection, and chopper applications.

Amplitude Modulation, AM Tutorial Includes:
Amplitude modulation, AMAM basic theory & formulasAM bandwidth & sidebandsModulation index & depthAM efficiencyAM demodulation / detectionDiode detectorSynchronous detectorAM modulatorsSingle sideband, SSBSSB demodulation
Modulation formats:Modulation types & techniquesFrequency modulationPhase modulationQuadrature amplitude modulation

The basic theory and equations behind amplitude modulation are relatively straightforward and can be handled using straightforward trigonometric calculations and manipulation.

Essentially an amplitude modulated wave consists of a radio frequency carrier - a sine wave at one frequency, typically in the radio frequency portion of the spectrum. A modulating wave, which in theory could be another sine wave, typically at a lower audio frequency is superimposed upon the carrier.

The two signals are multiplied together and the theory shows how they interact to create the carrier and two sidebands.

The equations for the simple example of the a single tone used for modulation can be expanded to show how the signal will appear of a typical sound consisting of many frequencies is used to modulated the carrier.

Amplitude modulation theory & equations

It is possible to look at the theory of the generation of an amplitude modulated signal in four steps:

1. Carrier signal
2. Modulating signal
3. Overall modulated signal for a single tone
4. Expansion to cover a typical audio signal

These steps will be covered in greater details below:

1. Carrier signal equations

Looking at the theory, it is possible to describe the carrier in terms of a sine wave as follows:

Where:
carrier frequency in Hertz is equal to ωc / 2 π
C is the carrier amplitude
φ is the phase of the signal at the start of the reference time

Both C and φ can be omitted to simplify the equation by changing C to '1' and φ to '0'.

2. Modulating signal equations

The modulating waveform can either be a single tone. This can be represented by a cosine waveform, or the modulating waveform could be a wide variety of frequencies - these can be represented by a series of cosine waveforms added together in a linear fashion.

For the initial look at how the signal is formed, it is easiest to look at the equation for a simple single tone waveform and then expand the concept to cover the more normal case. Take a single tone waveform:

Where:
modulating signal frequency in Hertz is equal to ωm / 2 π
M is the carrier amplitude
φ is the phase of the signal at the start of the reference time

Amplitude Modulation Theory Pdf

Both C and φ can be omitted to simplify the equation by changing C to '1' and φ to '0'.

It is worth noting that normally the modulating signal frequency is well below that of the carrier frequency.

3. Overall modulated signal for a single tone

The equation for the overall modulated signal is obtained by multiplying the carrier and the modulating signal together.

The constant A is required as it represents the amplitude of the waveform.

Substituting in the individual relationships for the carrier and modulating signal, the overall signal becomes:

The trigonometry can then be expanded out to give an equation that includes the components of the signal:

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In this theory, three terms can be seen which represent the carrier, and upper and lower sidebands:

Carrier: A . sin (ωc t)
Upper sideband: A . M/2 [ sin ((ωc + ωm) t + φ)
Lower sideband: A . M/2 [ sin ((ωc - ωm) t - φ)

Amplitude Modulation Systems Pdf

Note also that the sidebands are separated from the carrier by a frequency equal to that of the tone.

It can be seen that for a case where there is 100% modulation, i.e. M = 1, and where the carrier is not suppressed, i.e. A = 1, then the sidebands have half the value of the carrier, i.e. a quarter of the power each.

4. Expansion to cover a typical audio signal

With the basic concept of modulation and the resultant sidebands established, the same principles can be applied to the more complicated cases of modulation using speech, music or other audio sounds.

Theory can be used to break down a sound into a series of sinusoidal signals. These are linearly added to each other to form the audio spectrum of the modulating signal.

The spectrum of the modulating signal extends out either side from the carrier, one sideband is the mirror of the other, with the lowest frequencies closest to the carrier, and highest furthest away.

It can be seen that the audio signal covers a band of frequencies either side of the main carrier. The theory and equations show that furthest extent of the sidebands from the carrier corresponds to the highest frequency of the modulating tone for the amplitude modulated signal.

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Pdf

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